Geography

Key Facts

• Magnitude measures energy released; intensity describes impacts.
• Secondary impacts like tsunamis often cause most damage.
• LICs tend to have higher death tolls due to weaker buildings.
• Long-term responses include rebuilding and improved monitoring.

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Key Facts

• Storms are named when winds exceed 74 mph.
• Climate change is expected to increase extreme rainfall.
• Preparedness reduces vulnerability and cost.
• Storm surges amplify coastal flooding.

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Key Facts

• CO2 and methane trap longwave radiation.
• Human activity has accelerated warming since 1900.
• Sea level rise increases coastal flood risk.
• Mitigation reduces causes; adaptation reduces impacts.

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Key Facts

• Inputs and outputs keep ecosystems in balance.
• NPP is higher where temperature and rainfall are high.
• Human activity can disrupt cycles and reduce biodiversity.
• Ecosystem services provide benefits like clean water and food.

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Key Facts

• Soils are thin due to rapid nutrient uptake by biomass.
• Deforestation increases soil erosion and river sediment.
• Biodiversity is high but fragile.
• Sustainable management protects livelihoods and habitats.

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Key Facts

• Water is a limiting factor for life.
• Soils are thin and often salty.
• Flash floods can occur after rare storms.
• Human pressure includes overgrazing and tourism.

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Key Facts

• Velocity is highest on the outside of bends.
• Flood hydrographs show lag time and peak discharge.
• Hard engineering is effective but expensive.
• Soft engineering works with natural processes.

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Key Facts

• Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast.
• Spits form where the coastline changes direction.
• Hard engineering can cause downdrift erosion.
• Soft engineering is cheaper but needs maintenance.

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Key Facts

• Glaciers move by internal deformation and basal sliding.
• Erosion leaves steep sides and flat valley floors.
• Deposits are unsorted till.
• Glacial landscapes are often used for tourism and hydro power.

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Key Facts

• Urban growth creates opportunities and challenges.
• Informal settlements often lack services.
• Sustainable transport reduces pollution.
• Regeneration can create jobs and new housing.

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Key Facts

• Development is uneven within countries and between regions.
• TNCs provide jobs but can cause pollution.
• Aid and trade can help reduce the development gap.
• The UK economy has shifted towards services and high-tech.

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Key Facts

• Rising living standards increase demand for resources.
• Water transfers can solve shortages but harm ecosystems.
• Renewables reduce emissions but can be costly to set up.
• Food insecurity is linked to climate, poverty, and conflict.

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Key Facts

• Primary data is collected first-hand.
• Secondary data comes from sources like maps or surveys.
• Outliers should be checked and justified.
• Reliability improves with repeats and larger samples.

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Key Facts

• Issue evaluation tests judgement and evidence use.
• High-mark questions need a clear final decision.
• Use data from sources to support points.
• Consider short and long-term impacts.

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Key Facts

• Scale converts map distance to real distance.
• Photos show evidence of processes and impacts.
• Use units when describing data.
• Direction is given as compass points or bearings.

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